IB catalogue 2026 FINAL - Flipbook - Page 20
INDIVIDUALS & SOCIETIES
Geography for the IB Diploma:
Prepare for Success
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Simon Oakes
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2
Unit
Unit 1 Changin
Arctic Circle
mic
1.1 Population and econo
ns
development patter
foundation topic for
View free sample
material from
Geography for
the IB Diploma
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
PPPPSS CONCEPTS
Tropic of Capricorn
of the
Theories and models
are
development process
Key
increasingly contested.
include
development debates
does
questions such as: What
How can
development really mean?
Should
development be measured?
as beingFigure 1.1 Dot map showing
any country be described
the global distribut
ion of
truly ‘developed’ yet?
100
90
80
Population distribution
at the global scale
70
patterns can be investigated
and population density
Population distribution
distribution of population.
Figure 1.1 shows the global
at varying spatial scales.
the following:
continents. Over half of
Important features include
unevenly among the world’s
n People are distributed
live in Africa and a further
Asia; 1.4 billion people
Earth’s population is in
The figures for Europe
North and South America.
billion are spread across
750 million and 44 million
and New Zealand) are
and Oceania (Australia
% population
Look inside
is a
patterns and dynamics
factual
The study of population
provide you with a broad,
of this first chapter is to
chapter also introduces
Geography. The purpose
to population studies. This
of development vary
and conceptual introduction
and explores how levels
the key concept of development scales.
spatially at different geographical
in your geography course,
other key ideas you encounter about its value. First, the
Development, like some
vary
This means that perspectives
processes
concept.
that
suggests
contested
a
is
phrase
is problematic because the
–a
term ‘developed country’
for countries like the USA
progress have now ended
think
of historical change and
with. Second, some scholars
find reasons to disagree
claim that you can surely
because it is based on Western
country is a biased one,
the notion of a ‘developed’
change politically, economically
societies are expected to
is an entirely valid idea.
assumptions about how
Others argue that development
and culturally over time.
generally means
Development Human development strive to grow
people
the ways in which a country’s
of life. A
to improve their quality
economically and also
is most often shown by
country’s level of development
and/or
average national wealth
too.
economic indicators of
social and political criteria,
income, but can encompass
be studied and
can
Scale Places, areas or territories
a local
of geographic scales, from
identified at a variety
distribution
global
The
level.
state
level to the national or
(planetary scale) data
of population is a macroscale
patterns are
small-scale
very
pattern. In contrast,
distributions.
sometimes called microscale
17
10
on
PTS
Around 10 per
cent
people are spread of the world’s
across around
84 per cent of
the land area:
put
another way,
90 per cent of
people
are found in
areas representin
just 16 per cent
g
of all
available land.
0
0
density of populati
PPPPSS CONCE
Use the concept
of
population patternsscale to analyse
in your own
country. Begin
by thinking about
how people
are distribute
d within
your local neighbou
analyse the pattern rhood; then
at a larger scale,
for example
in your country
as a
whole.
40
30
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Figure 1.2 A
80
% land area
90
100
Lorenz curve
showing the
population.
unequal distribut
Table 1.1 on
page 3 explores
ion of the world’s
possible reasons
for this
in
wayPhysic
A description of then
Foral and human
Population distribution
out across the Earth’s surface.
population distrib factors affecting global
which people are spread
ution
people live in Asia.
Both physical
instance, around 4 billion
and human factors
globalwithin
affect populatio
scale (Table 1.1).
number of people living
n distribution
Historically, early
of
Population density The
density
either
patterns at
by choice
the population
settlers in any
or necessity, wherever
world region lived, the
a specified area. For instance,
one person
foothold
the
to livelihood’.
(USA) is less than
Even today, around environment provided them
large parts of New Mexico
active populatio
with ‘a
one-third
n
obtains
of the
its food and/or
per square kilometre.
This extentthat
income by actively world’s economically
physical influence
of themeans
expression soil
farming the land.
s on food productio
fertility
Lorenz curve A diagrammatic
straight– remain hugely
n – including
important factors
is unequal. The dashed
2 billion of the
climate and
to which a distribution
even world’s people
in determining
curve shows a perfectly
live and work.
where more than
n This partly
diagonal line on a Lorenz
solid curvedexplains the low
The further away theinaccessi
levels of density
of and
bility
and equal distribution.
in continental
the level
dashed line, the greater
interiors:
temperature ranges)extremes of climate (includin
line deviates from this
shown.
g high daily or
scenario
mostly
the
for
discourag
exists
annual
of Asia, Saharan
inequality that actually
Africa, Australia e large-scale settlement in
central areas
and South America
.
Copy
l right: Sa
eria
mple
Copyright: Sample mat
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there is a high
60
50
20
respectively (2022 data).
inhabit the continental
coastlines; relatively fewer
Many people live along
for global population
why the Lorenz curve
interiors. This is one reason
it does (Figure 1.2).
this is
distribution looks the way
more than two-thirds of
Earth’s surface is land and
including (when
n Just one-third of
20 persons per square kilometre, Greenland, most of
inhabited by fewer than
Australia,
average) Russia, Canada,
looking at the national
and Saharan Africa.
South America, Antarctica
areas where
The 45 degree
dashed line represents
a (theoretica
lly) perfectly
even
equal spread
and
of people across
land. The solid
the planet’s
line shows the
distribution of
actual
people across
the land.
n
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1 Changing population
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